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  • Warning: Undefined array key "title" in template_preprocess_links() (line 661 of core/includes/theme.inc).
    template_preprocess_links()
    call_user_func_array() (Line: 261)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 513)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 130)
    __TwigTemplate_6a15c343d2288a19c1806c9c9719da65->block_content() (Line: 493)
    Twig\Template->yieldBlock() (Line: 78)
    __TwigTemplate_6a15c343d2288a19c1806c9c9719da65->doDisplay() (Line: 461)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 416)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 431)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 53)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 513)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 69)
    __TwigTemplate_dec4ef99485df1d654f4e21edc0c2bbf->doDisplay() (Line: 461)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 114)
    __TwigTemplate_5e2b7e415f0d9705de9e296d8d30a015->doDisplay() (Line: 461)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 181)
    __TwigTemplate_d3970d2d73a0cdeb8675e0418582e4b6->doDisplay() (Line: 461)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 416)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 431)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 53)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 503)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 513)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 48)
    __TwigTemplate_282eed9e6fd0563e0dd3dc371ce54118->doDisplay() (Line: 461)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 416)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 431)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 53)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 513)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 125)
    __TwigTemplate_f67e65cbd178ed4de3af1d73da4c4edd->doDisplay() (Line: 461)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 416)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 431)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 53)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 158)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 637)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext() (Line: 153)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse() (Line: 90)
    Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray()
    call_user_func() (Line: 111)
    Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch() (Line: 186)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw() (Line: 76)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle() (Line: 53)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle() (Line: 28)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle() (Line: 36)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle() (Line: 185)
    Drupal\cloudflare\CloudFlareMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle() (Line: 741)
    Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle() (Line: 19)
    
  • Warning: Undefined array key "title" in template_preprocess_links() (line 717 of core/includes/theme.inc).
    template_preprocess_links()
    call_user_func_array() (Line: 261)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 513)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 130)
    __TwigTemplate_6a15c343d2288a19c1806c9c9719da65->block_content() (Line: 493)
    Twig\Template->yieldBlock() (Line: 78)
    __TwigTemplate_6a15c343d2288a19c1806c9c9719da65->doDisplay() (Line: 461)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 416)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 431)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 53)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 513)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 69)
    __TwigTemplate_dec4ef99485df1d654f4e21edc0c2bbf->doDisplay() (Line: 461)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 114)
    __TwigTemplate_5e2b7e415f0d9705de9e296d8d30a015->doDisplay() (Line: 461)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 181)
    __TwigTemplate_d3970d2d73a0cdeb8675e0418582e4b6->doDisplay() (Line: 461)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 416)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 431)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 53)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 503)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 513)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 48)
    __TwigTemplate_282eed9e6fd0563e0dd3dc371ce54118->doDisplay() (Line: 461)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 416)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 431)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 53)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 513)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 125)
    __TwigTemplate_f67e65cbd178ed4de3af1d73da4c4edd->doDisplay() (Line: 461)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 416)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 431)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 53)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 158)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 637)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext() (Line: 153)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse() (Line: 90)
    Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray()
    call_user_func() (Line: 111)
    Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch() (Line: 186)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw() (Line: 76)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle() (Line: 53)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle() (Line: 28)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle() (Line: 36)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle() (Line: 185)
    Drupal\cloudflare\CloudFlareMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle() (Line: 741)
    Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle() (Line: 19)
    
  • Warning: Undefined array key "title" in template_preprocess_links() (line 661 of core/includes/theme.inc).
    template_preprocess_links()
    call_user_func_array() (Line: 261)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 513)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 130)
    __TwigTemplate_6a15c343d2288a19c1806c9c9719da65->block_content() (Line: 493)
    Twig\Template->yieldBlock() (Line: 78)
    __TwigTemplate_6a15c343d2288a19c1806c9c9719da65->doDisplay() (Line: 461)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 416)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 431)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 53)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 513)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 194)
    __TwigTemplate_dec4ef99485df1d654f4e21edc0c2bbf->doDisplay() (Line: 461)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 114)
    __TwigTemplate_5e2b7e415f0d9705de9e296d8d30a015->doDisplay() (Line: 461)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 181)
    __TwigTemplate_d3970d2d73a0cdeb8675e0418582e4b6->doDisplay() (Line: 461)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 416)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 431)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 53)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 503)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 513)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 48)
    __TwigTemplate_282eed9e6fd0563e0dd3dc371ce54118->doDisplay() (Line: 461)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 416)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 431)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 53)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 513)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 125)
    __TwigTemplate_f67e65cbd178ed4de3af1d73da4c4edd->doDisplay() (Line: 461)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 416)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 431)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 53)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 158)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 637)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext() (Line: 153)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse() (Line: 90)
    Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray()
    call_user_func() (Line: 111)
    Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch() (Line: 186)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw() (Line: 76)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle() (Line: 53)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle() (Line: 28)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle() (Line: 36)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle() (Line: 185)
    Drupal\cloudflare\CloudFlareMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle() (Line: 741)
    Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle() (Line: 19)
    
  • Warning: Undefined array key "title" in template_preprocess_links() (line 717 of core/includes/theme.inc).
    template_preprocess_links()
    call_user_func_array() (Line: 261)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 513)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 130)
    __TwigTemplate_6a15c343d2288a19c1806c9c9719da65->block_content() (Line: 493)
    Twig\Template->yieldBlock() (Line: 78)
    __TwigTemplate_6a15c343d2288a19c1806c9c9719da65->doDisplay() (Line: 461)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 416)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 431)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 53)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 513)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 194)
    __TwigTemplate_dec4ef99485df1d654f4e21edc0c2bbf->doDisplay() (Line: 461)
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    __TwigTemplate_5e2b7e415f0d9705de9e296d8d30a015->doDisplay() (Line: 461)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 181)
    __TwigTemplate_d3970d2d73a0cdeb8675e0418582e4b6->doDisplay() (Line: 461)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 416)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 431)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 53)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 503)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 513)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 48)
    __TwigTemplate_282eed9e6fd0563e0dd3dc371ce54118->doDisplay() (Line: 461)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 416)
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    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
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    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 513)
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    __TwigTemplate_f67e65cbd178ed4de3af1d73da4c4edd->doDisplay() (Line: 461)
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    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 431)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 53)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 158)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 637)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext() (Line: 153)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse() (Line: 90)
    Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray()
    call_user_func() (Line: 111)
    Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch() (Line: 186)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw() (Line: 76)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle() (Line: 53)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle() (Line: 28)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle() (Line: 36)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle() (Line: 185)
    Drupal\cloudflare\CloudFlareMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle() (Line: 741)
    Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle() (Line: 19)
    
During two weeks between October and November 2023, a total of 32 reconstructive surgeries were carried out by a team of highly trained Nigerian, American and Japanese surgeons, anesthesiologists, and nurses.

Surgery & trauma care

During two weeks between October and November 2023, a total of 32 reconstructive surgeries were carried out for noma patients by a team of highly trained Nigerian, American and Japanese surgeons, anesthesiologists, and nurses. Sokoto, Nigeria, October 2023.
© Alexandre Marcou/MSF
Médecins Sans Frontières has been providing surgical care for people in precarious contexts for more than 40 years.

Surgery in a humanitarian situation is often associated with armed conflict. Yet our teams conduct operations for a variety of needs. In 2025, nearly one in four of the major surgeries we performed were caesarean sections, which is difficult to access in countries with a failing health system or in humanitarian emergencies. The opening of a surgical programme has a number of prerequisites which need medical and logistics resources, such as sterile conditions, qualified personnel, and post-operative capacity.

In 2025

Quick facts about surgery and trauma care

GEORGE ONDIJO IS A LAB TECHNICIAN AT NDIWAH HOSPITAL IN HOMA BAY COUNTY. HE IS IN CHARGE OF SPUTUM COLLECTION FOR TUBERCULOSIS DIAGNOSIS. THE USE OF MASK IS MANDATORY TO AVOID CONTAGION.

Medical Resource

MSF Field Research

We produce important research based on our field experience. So far, we have published articles in over 100 peer-reviewed journals. These articles have often changed clinical practice and have been used for humanitarian advocacy. All of these articles can be found on our dedicated Field Research website.

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