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  • Warning: Undefined array key "title" in template_preprocess_links() (line 661 of core/includes/theme.inc).
    template_preprocess_links()
    call_user_func_array() (Line: 261)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 128)
    __TwigTemplate_9c468284e9d26e322b2a3d3149c31d21->block_content() (Line: 456)
    Twig\Template->yieldBlock() (Line: 76)
    __TwigTemplate_9c468284e9d26e322b2a3d3149c31d21->doDisplay() (Line: 411)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 366)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 381)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 51)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 67)
    __TwigTemplate_6189542c58ee3c62a024a513de1ead33->doDisplay() (Line: 411)
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    __TwigTemplate_f2fdfa9edc7a6492a3b86d4105db5b32->doDisplay() (Line: 411)
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    __TwigTemplate_61ef858edd0669fb8c726db25524cf9f->doDisplay() (Line: 411)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 366)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 381)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 51)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 503)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 46)
    __TwigTemplate_29b6bfc80338a93f0de70ca28bc6de70->doDisplay() (Line: 411)
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    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 123)
    __TwigTemplate_cb82490e8c8a86cb2e018713f9394ef2->doDisplay() (Line: 411)
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    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 51)
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    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 158)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 637)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext() (Line: 153)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse() (Line: 90)
    Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray()
    call_user_func() (Line: 111)
    Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch() (Line: 186)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw() (Line: 76)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle() (Line: 53)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle() (Line: 28)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle() (Line: 201)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch() (Line: 138)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup() (Line: 87)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle() (Line: 36)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle() (Line: 185)
    Drupal\cloudflare\CloudFlareMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle() (Line: 741)
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  • Warning: Undefined array key "title" in template_preprocess_links() (line 717 of core/includes/theme.inc).
    template_preprocess_links()
    call_user_func_array() (Line: 261)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 128)
    __TwigTemplate_9c468284e9d26e322b2a3d3149c31d21->block_content() (Line: 456)
    Twig\Template->yieldBlock() (Line: 76)
    __TwigTemplate_9c468284e9d26e322b2a3d3149c31d21->doDisplay() (Line: 411)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 366)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 381)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 51)
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    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
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    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 381)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 51)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 503)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
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    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 123)
    __TwigTemplate_cb82490e8c8a86cb2e018713f9394ef2->doDisplay() (Line: 411)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 366)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 381)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 51)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 158)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 637)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext() (Line: 153)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse() (Line: 90)
    Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray()
    call_user_func() (Line: 111)
    Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch() (Line: 186)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw() (Line: 76)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle() (Line: 53)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle() (Line: 28)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle() (Line: 201)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch() (Line: 138)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup() (Line: 87)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle() (Line: 36)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle() (Line: 185)
    Drupal\cloudflare\CloudFlareMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle() (Line: 741)
    Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle() (Line: 19)
    
  • Warning: Undefined array key "title" in template_preprocess_links() (line 661 of core/includes/theme.inc).
    template_preprocess_links()
    call_user_func_array() (Line: 261)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 128)
    __TwigTemplate_9c468284e9d26e322b2a3d3149c31d21->block_content() (Line: 456)
    Twig\Template->yieldBlock() (Line: 76)
    __TwigTemplate_9c468284e9d26e322b2a3d3149c31d21->doDisplay() (Line: 411)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 366)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 381)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 51)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
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    __TwigTemplate_6189542c58ee3c62a024a513de1ead33->doDisplay() (Line: 411)
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    __TwigTemplate_61ef858edd0669fb8c726db25524cf9f->doDisplay() (Line: 411)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 366)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 381)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 51)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 503)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 46)
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    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 123)
    __TwigTemplate_cb82490e8c8a86cb2e018713f9394ef2->doDisplay() (Line: 411)
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    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 51)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 158)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 637)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext() (Line: 153)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse() (Line: 90)
    Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray()
    call_user_func() (Line: 111)
    Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch() (Line: 186)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw() (Line: 76)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle() (Line: 53)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle() (Line: 28)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle() (Line: 201)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch() (Line: 138)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup() (Line: 87)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle() (Line: 36)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle() (Line: 185)
    Drupal\cloudflare\CloudFlareMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle() (Line: 741)
    Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle() (Line: 19)
    
  • Warning: Undefined array key "title" in template_preprocess_links() (line 717 of core/includes/theme.inc).
    template_preprocess_links()
    call_user_func_array() (Line: 261)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 128)
    __TwigTemplate_9c468284e9d26e322b2a3d3149c31d21->block_content() (Line: 456)
    Twig\Template->yieldBlock() (Line: 76)
    __TwigTemplate_9c468284e9d26e322b2a3d3149c31d21->doDisplay() (Line: 411)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 366)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 381)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 51)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
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    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
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    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
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    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle() (Line: 53)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle() (Line: 28)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle() (Line: 201)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch() (Line: 138)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup() (Line: 87)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle() (Line: 36)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle() (Line: 185)
    Drupal\cloudflare\CloudFlareMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle() (Line: 741)
    Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle() (Line: 19)
    
enfants regardant dehors   travers un mur d truit par un obus.
Children looking through a wall destructed by shrapnels
MSF Speaking Out

Somalia 1991-1993: Civil War, Famine Alert and a UN “Military-Humanitarian” Intervention

enfants regardant dehors travers un mur d truit par un obus. Children looking through a wall destructed by shrapnels
© Wim Van Cappellen
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All Speaking Out Case Studies > Somalia 1991-1993: Civil War, Famine Alert and a UN “Military-Humanitarian” Intervention

The ‘Somalia 1991-1993: Civil War, Famine Alert and a UN “Military-Humanitarian” Intervention‘ case study describes the constraints, questions and dilemmas faced by MSF during the first year of its intervention to assist the populations of Somalia, after the civil war started in 1991. 

 

Questions and dilemmas:

  • Should armed guards be employed or not?
  • As the quasi-only source of information in the field, how far could MSF go in releasing information without taking sides?
  • How to draw attention on the famine in Somalia, when all cameras were focused on the Gulf War?
  • What position should MSF take about an armed intervention aiming to protect humanitarian aid convoys, with widespread support of the population, but which could worsen the insecurity?
  • How should MSF react when this military intervention drift in this direction?

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Additional materials

MAP MSF Programmes set up between January 1991 and November 1993
MSF Programmes set up between January 1991 and November 1993
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