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  • Warning: Undefined array key "title" in template_preprocess_links() (line 661 of core/includes/theme.inc).
    template_preprocess_links()
    call_user_func_array() (Line: 261)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 129)
    __TwigTemplate_fc93a1219c2cc45380dc13bb033493a6->block_content() (Line: 446)
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    __TwigTemplate_fc93a1219c2cc45380dc13bb033493a6->doDisplay() (Line: 402)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 373)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 51)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 68)
    __TwigTemplate_00a23219e26e84bc08d08978a6462d2d->doDisplay() (Line: 402)
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    __TwigTemplate_b778c7c23c39783a737232e49c187fd8->doDisplay() (Line: 402)
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    __TwigTemplate_99353cb37cc4c648bc35e0f38cf691f3->doDisplay() (Line: 402)
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    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 373)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 51)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 503)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
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    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
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    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 637)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext() (Line: 153)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse() (Line: 90)
    Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray()
    call_user_func() (Line: 111)
    Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch() (Line: 186)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw() (Line: 76)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle() (Line: 53)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle() (Line: 48)
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    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch() (Line: 138)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup() (Line: 87)
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    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle() (Line: 185)
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  • Warning: Undefined array key "title" in template_preprocess_links() (line 717 of core/includes/theme.inc).
    template_preprocess_links()
    call_user_func_array() (Line: 261)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
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    __TwigTemplate_fc93a1219c2cc45380dc13bb033493a6->block_content() (Line: 446)
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    __TwigTemplate_fc93a1219c2cc45380dc13bb033493a6->doDisplay() (Line: 402)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 373)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 51)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
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    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
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    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
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    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 51)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 158)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 637)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext() (Line: 153)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse() (Line: 90)
    Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray()
    call_user_func() (Line: 111)
    Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch() (Line: 186)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw() (Line: 76)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle() (Line: 53)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle() (Line: 28)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle() (Line: 201)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch() (Line: 138)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup() (Line: 87)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle() (Line: 36)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle() (Line: 185)
    Drupal\cloudflare\CloudFlareMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle() (Line: 741)
    Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle() (Line: 19)
    
  • Warning: Undefined array key "title" in template_preprocess_links() (line 661 of core/includes/theme.inc).
    template_preprocess_links()
    call_user_func_array() (Line: 261)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 129)
    __TwigTemplate_fc93a1219c2cc45380dc13bb033493a6->block_content() (Line: 446)
    Twig\Template->yieldBlock() (Line: 77)
    __TwigTemplate_fc93a1219c2cc45380dc13bb033493a6->doDisplay() (Line: 402)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 373)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 51)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
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    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 373)
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    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 503)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
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    __TwigTemplate_3358bbb2d7cdc926b30d14d627f9820b->doDisplay() (Line: 402)
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    __TwigTemplate_189093285f3fe707bd7f16b2f47479ce->doDisplay() (Line: 402)
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    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 158)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 637)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext() (Line: 153)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse() (Line: 90)
    Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray()
    call_user_func() (Line: 111)
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    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw() (Line: 76)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle() (Line: 53)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle() (Line: 28)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle() (Line: 201)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch() (Line: 138)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup() (Line: 87)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle() (Line: 36)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle() (Line: 185)
    Drupal\cloudflare\CloudFlareMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
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  • Warning: Undefined array key "title" in template_preprocess_links() (line 717 of core/includes/theme.inc).
    template_preprocess_links()
    call_user_func_array() (Line: 261)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 490)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 129)
    __TwigTemplate_fc93a1219c2cc45380dc13bb033493a6->block_content() (Line: 446)
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    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 373)
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    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
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    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
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    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle() (Line: 28)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle() (Line: 201)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch() (Line: 138)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup() (Line: 87)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle() (Line: 36)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle() (Line: 185)
    Drupal\cloudflare\CloudFlareMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle() (Line: 741)
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enfants regardant dehors   travers un mur d truit par un obus.
Children looking through a wall destructed by shrapnels
MSF Speaking Out

Somalia 1991-1993: Civil War, Famine Alert and a UN “Military-Humanitarian” Intervention

enfants regardant dehors travers un mur d truit par un obus. Children looking through a wall destructed by shrapnels
© Wim Van Cappellen
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All Speaking Out Case Studies > Somalia 1991-1993: Civil War, Famine Alert and a UN “Military-Humanitarian” Intervention

The ‘Somalia 1991-1993: Civil War, Famine Alert and a UN “Military-Humanitarian” Intervention‘ case study describes the constraints, questions and dilemmas faced by MSF during the first year of its intervention to assist the populations of Somalia, after the civil war started in 1991. 

 

Questions and dilemmas:

  • Should armed guards be employed or not?
  • As the quasi-only source of information in the field, how far could MSF go in releasing information without taking sides?
  • How to draw attention on the famine in Somalia, when all cameras were focused on the Gulf War?
  • What position should MSF take about an armed intervention aiming to protect humanitarian aid convoys, with widespread support of the population, but which could worsen the insecurity?
  • How should MSF react when this military intervention drift in this direction?

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Additional materials

MAP MSF Programmes set up between January 1991 and November 1993
MSF Programmes set up between January 1991 and November 1993
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