Skip to main content

Error message

  • Warning: Undefined array key "title" in template_preprocess_links() (line 681 of core/includes/theme.inc).
    template_preprocess_links()
    call_user_func_array() (Line: 261)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 129)
    __TwigTemplate_b0bd40619431c5be03308201ec861505->block_content() (Line: 431)
    Twig\Template->yieldBlock() (Line: 77)
    __TwigTemplate_b0bd40619431c5be03308201ec861505->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 68)
    __TwigTemplate_8ddd1c6f3541c31d1c369c6b70d92a4e->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 112)
    __TwigTemplate_8d7f898e4b10d5677efe1b06f2f201a1->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 178)
    __TwigTemplate_33002299742a0245432f11e8804e8e72->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 504)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 47)
    __TwigTemplate_cffe8b5ad7354ebecb31f6932c1d115f->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 124)
    __TwigTemplate_046d7df494f066c9aa5bfb55cd2d2e9c->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 158)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 638)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext() (Line: 159)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse() (Line: 90)
    Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray()
    call_user_func() (Line: 111)
    Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch() (Line: 186)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw() (Line: 76)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle() (Line: 53)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle() (Line: 28)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle() (Line: 191)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch() (Line: 128)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup() (Line: 82)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle() (Line: 36)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle() (Line: 185)
    Drupal\cloudflare\CloudFlareMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle() (Line: 741)
    Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle() (Line: 19)
    
  • Warning: Undefined array key "title" in template_preprocess_links() (line 737 of core/includes/theme.inc).
    template_preprocess_links()
    call_user_func_array() (Line: 261)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 129)
    __TwigTemplate_b0bd40619431c5be03308201ec861505->block_content() (Line: 431)
    Twig\Template->yieldBlock() (Line: 77)
    __TwigTemplate_b0bd40619431c5be03308201ec861505->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 68)
    __TwigTemplate_8ddd1c6f3541c31d1c369c6b70d92a4e->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 112)
    __TwigTemplate_8d7f898e4b10d5677efe1b06f2f201a1->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 178)
    __TwigTemplate_33002299742a0245432f11e8804e8e72->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 504)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 47)
    __TwigTemplate_cffe8b5ad7354ebecb31f6932c1d115f->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 124)
    __TwigTemplate_046d7df494f066c9aa5bfb55cd2d2e9c->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 158)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 638)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext() (Line: 159)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse() (Line: 90)
    Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray()
    call_user_func() (Line: 111)
    Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch() (Line: 186)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw() (Line: 76)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle() (Line: 53)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle() (Line: 28)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle() (Line: 191)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch() (Line: 128)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup() (Line: 82)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle() (Line: 36)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle() (Line: 185)
    Drupal\cloudflare\CloudFlareMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle() (Line: 741)
    Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle() (Line: 19)
    
  • Warning: Undefined array key "title" in template_preprocess_links() (line 681 of core/includes/theme.inc).
    template_preprocess_links()
    call_user_func_array() (Line: 261)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 129)
    __TwigTemplate_b0bd40619431c5be03308201ec861505->block_content() (Line: 431)
    Twig\Template->yieldBlock() (Line: 77)
    __TwigTemplate_b0bd40619431c5be03308201ec861505->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 189)
    __TwigTemplate_8ddd1c6f3541c31d1c369c6b70d92a4e->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 112)
    __TwigTemplate_8d7f898e4b10d5677efe1b06f2f201a1->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 178)
    __TwigTemplate_33002299742a0245432f11e8804e8e72->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 504)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 47)
    __TwigTemplate_cffe8b5ad7354ebecb31f6932c1d115f->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 124)
    __TwigTemplate_046d7df494f066c9aa5bfb55cd2d2e9c->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 158)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 638)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext() (Line: 159)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse() (Line: 90)
    Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray()
    call_user_func() (Line: 111)
    Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch() (Line: 186)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw() (Line: 76)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle() (Line: 53)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle() (Line: 28)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle() (Line: 191)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch() (Line: 128)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup() (Line: 82)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle() (Line: 36)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle() (Line: 185)
    Drupal\cloudflare\CloudFlareMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle() (Line: 741)
    Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle() (Line: 19)
    
  • Warning: Undefined array key "title" in template_preprocess_links() (line 737 of core/includes/theme.inc).
    template_preprocess_links()
    call_user_func_array() (Line: 261)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 129)
    __TwigTemplate_b0bd40619431c5be03308201ec861505->block_content() (Line: 431)
    Twig\Template->yieldBlock() (Line: 77)
    __TwigTemplate_b0bd40619431c5be03308201ec861505->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 189)
    __TwigTemplate_8ddd1c6f3541c31d1c369c6b70d92a4e->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 112)
    __TwigTemplate_8d7f898e4b10d5677efe1b06f2f201a1->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 178)
    __TwigTemplate_33002299742a0245432f11e8804e8e72->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 504)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 47)
    __TwigTemplate_cffe8b5ad7354ebecb31f6932c1d115f->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 484)
    Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter() (Line: 124)
    __TwigTemplate_046d7df494f066c9aa5bfb55cd2d2e9c->doDisplay() (Line: 387)
    Twig\Template->yield() (Line: 343)
    Twig\Template->display() (Line: 358)
    Twig\Template->render() (Line: 35)
    Twig\TemplateWrapper->render() (Line: 33)
    twig_render_template() (Line: 348)
    Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render() (Line: 491)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender() (Line: 248)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render() (Line: 158)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 638)
    Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext() (Line: 159)
    Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse() (Line: 90)
    Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray()
    call_user_func() (Line: 111)
    Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch() (Line: 186)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw() (Line: 76)
    Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle() (Line: 53)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle() (Line: 28)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle() (Line: 191)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch() (Line: 128)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup() (Line: 82)
    Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle() (Line: 48)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle() (Line: 36)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle() (Line: 185)
    Drupal\cloudflare\CloudFlareMiddleware->handle() (Line: 51)
    Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle() (Line: 741)
    Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle() (Line: 19)
    

Sleeping sickness

A lab technician, who travels with a mobile laboratory, including microscopes and centrifuges, tests a blood sample for sleeping sickness. Democratic Republic of Congo, August 2015.
© Philipp Frisch/MSF
Sleeping sickness, or human African trypanosomiasis, is a parasitic infection which attacks the body’s central nervous system; without treatment the disease is fatal.

Considered a neglected disease, there are two forms of sleeping sickness, caused by two different parasites: Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, which is found in western and central Africa accounts for 98 per cent of cases; Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, accounts for less than two percent of cases and is found in eastern and southern Africa. Both parasites are transmitted by the bite of the tsetse fly.

The disease causes severe neurological conditions, including poor coordination, confusion, agitation, aggressiveness or disinhibition. The more commonly-known name of the disease, sleeping sickness, derives from the symptom where patients experience an inability to sleep during the night but are often overcome by sleep during the day.

Filter Tips
  • Try a different country, year, format, or topic.
  • Clear one or more filters
Advanced HIV management in Homa Bay
Medical Resource

MSF Field Research

We produce important research based on our field experience. So far, we have published articles in over 100 peer-reviewed journals. These articles have often changed clinical practice and have been used for humanitarian advocacy. All of these articles can be found on our dedicated Field Research website.

Visit site